Adam Hammer and the Reform of Higher Medical Education in the United States: The Creation of the Humboldt Institute in St. Louis

Portrait of Adam Hammer, n.d.

Seal of the Humboldt Institut, 1859. From James Moores Ball, “Dr. Adam Hammer, Surgeon and Apostle of Higher Medical Education,”…

Some faculty members of the Humboldt Institut, ca. 1859-1860. From: James Moores Ball, “Dr. Adam Hammer, Surgeon and Apostle of…

Portrait of German Revolutionary Friedrich Hecker. Hecker and Adam Hammer were friends and compatriots during the 1848 revolutions. Image from…

Portrait of German-American botanist Dr. George Engelmann. From The Popular Science, June 1886.

Portrait of German-American botanist and doctor Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus.